- 399

Many Hawaiian entries in the first and second editions of the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian-English Dictionary were followed by reconstructions in Proto-Polynesian (PPN) and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP, also known as Proto-Austronesian), the former prepared by R. Brown in 1956, but no collated list of the Hawaiian words and their proto-forms has been published. Since 1956 much has happened in the field of Oceanic linguistics. Churchward's comprehensive Tongan Dictionary has appeared, as well as instructive articles and monographs by Capell, Dyen, Goodenough, Grace, Milke, and Milner, and field work has been done on the Polynesian Outliers. In preparation for a third edition of the Hawaiian-English Dictionary, with the assistance of Don E. Johnson I rechecked all the PPN and PMP reconstructions listed in the Dictionary, noting particularly vowel length, bound morphemes, and modifications of Dempwolff by Dyen. It is hoped that the lists in Sections 3 and 4 of this study may be the beginning of a PPN lexicon, particularly that portion of it which can be traced back to PMP. 1

PMP correspondences and reconstructions were based on Dempwolff, using Dyen's system of transcription (except for an apostrophe for PPN and Hawaiian glottal stop, and X for zero), and the modifications introduced in seven articles by Dyen listed in the “References” at the end of this paper, and some modifications suggested by Grace (1959).

- 400

Of the Polynesian languages, Tongan (To) most fully reflects the PPN sound system. The 11 To consonant phonemes /p t k 'f v h m n η l/ provide for the reconstruction of all the 13 PPN consonant phonemes except PPN *s, which can be reconstructed by comparison of To with any other PN language except Uvea, Niue, and perhaps Mele-Fila and Nukuoro, and PPN *r, the reconstruction of which also requires evidence from other PN languages, in this study Hawaiian (Ha). To /h/ and Ha /h/ reflect PPN *s, but To /h/ and Ha zero reflect PPN *h. As for PPN *r, if To has zero for Ha /l/, the PPN form is *r. This makes the 13 PPN consonant phonemes, all of which can be inferred from consideration of To and Ha.

The vowels (there are always five) cause few difficulties.

The correspondences are listed below in Tables 1 and 2. Three PMP examples if available are given for each set of correspondences in initial and medial positions unless otherwise indicated. Those examples marked with question marks contain discrepancies, which are classified in Section 4. Final PMP consonants are lost in PPN and Ha, except those that occur before the PPN suffixes *-i (belaj, hunus, ka, panaq, qunap, tes, tulak, (t)u(t) uN, TukTuk, and *-ia (belaj, inum, taNis, (t)uquD), and *-aki (luaq, (t)uquD). Reconstructed phonemes in parentheses are ambiguous, with the most common of the alternations listed first. It will be seen from Table 1 that the PMP phonemes *p b D mp ñs s z Z e have more than one reflex in PPN and Ha. The most frequently occurring correspondence is listed first. The only example noted of two Ha reflexes of a single PPN phoneme is Ha /w-/ and /h-/ from PPN *f-. Certain modifications to Table 1 are explained in the notes to Section 3. The examples listed in Table 1 and their correspondences in PPN and Ha are listed alphabetically in Section 3 (regular correspondences) and Section 4 (correspondences with discrepancies).

- 401

- 402

English meanings in parentheses apply to forms in all columns to the left unless otherwise indicated. Hyphens separate PPN and Ha morphemes not included in the PMP reconstructions. They are explained in the notes. Parenthesised postscripts such as (D5:37) are references to items listed in the bibliography under Dyen, Isidore, or under Grace, George W.

- 403

- 404

- 405

- 406

4.1. Discrepancies attributable to vowel assimilation in PPN.

V1 raised:

V1fronted:

V1lowered:

V2raised:

V2lowered:

4.2 Discrepancies attributable to vowel dissimilation in PPN.

V1lowered:

V1unrounded:

V2raised:

V2lowered:

V2unrounded:

4.3. Discrepancies attributable to metathesis in PPN.

- 407

4.4. Discrepancies in PPN vowel length.

PPN vowel shortened:

PPN vowel lengthened:

4.5. Unclassified PPN vowel discrepancies.

4.6. Unique nasal replacements in PPN.

4.7. Other PPN consonant discrepancies.

C1 accretions in PPN:

C1 unique correspondence:

C loss in PPN:

C2 unique correspondence:

C2 accretion in PPN: see Section 4.3, *Rapus.

- 408

4.8. Discrepancies in both PPN vowels and consonants.

CV accretions in PPN:

CV losses in PPN:

CV unique correspondence:

4.9. Discrepancies in meanings of PPN reconstructions.

4.10. PEPN discrepancies.

4.11. Ha discrepancies.

V dissimilation:

C metathesis: see 4.5, *lawa.

V length:

Meaning:

- 409

Meaning and V length:

Meaning and V correspondence:

CV-accretion in Ha:

There are 155 Hawaiian forms which, on the basis of meaning similarity and perfect conformity to known sound correspondences, may be assumed to be cognate with forms reconstructed for PPN and PMP. There are an additional 84 Hawaiian forms which may be cognate with specific PPN and PMP forms. However, all of these show some discrepancy from the known sound correspondences or unsatisfactory agreement in meaning. If these are all valid cognates, the number is increased to 239. Some PMP reconstructions have more than one Ha reflex, as PMP batu, binay, haNin, sinaR, taquh and (t)uquD.

- 410

• CHURCHWARD, C. Maxwell, 1959. Tongan Dictionary (Tongan-English and English-Tongan). London, Oxford University Press.

• DEMPWOLFF, Otto, 1934-8. Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. 3 vols. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen.
• DYEN, Isidore, 1947. “The Malayo-Polynesian Word for ‘Two’.” Language, 23:50-55. (Abbreviated D1 in Section 3.)
• — — 1947. “The Tagalog Reflexes of Malayo-Polynesian D.” Language, 23:227-238. (Abbreviated D2 in Section 3.)
• — — 1949. “On the History of the Trukese Vowels.” Language, 25:420-436. (Abbreviated D3 in Sections 3 and 4.)
• — — 1951. “Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Z.” Language, 27:534-540. (Abbreviated D4 in Sections 3 and 4.)
• — — 1953. “Dempwolff's * R.” Language, 29:359-366. (Abbreviated D5 in Sections 3 and 4.)
• — — 1953. ‘Dempwolff's *R.” Language, 29:359-366. (Abbreviated D6 in Section 3.)
• — — 1956. “The Ngaju-Dayak 'Old Speech Stratum.” Language, 32:83-87. (Abbreviated D7 in Sections 3 and 4.)

• ELBERT, Samuel H., 1953. “Internal Relationships of Polynesian Languages and Dialects.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 9:147-173.

• GRACE, George W., 1959. The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family. Baltimore, Indiana University Publication in Anthropology and Linguistics and Memoir 16 of the International Journal of American Linguistics.

• PUKUI, Mary Kawena, and Samuel H. ELBERT, 1957. Hawaiian-English Dictionary. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press.